The Big Five Personality Traits Essay - 1617 Words

Introduction: The â€Å"Big Five personality traits† is also called as the FFM or five factor model which is a model formed on general language descriptors of personality. These descriptors are formed jointly utilizing a statistical method known as factor analysis which is stated as this model is not formed on the tests/experiments†. This broadly observed hypothesis recommended 5 wide dimensions, utilized by few psychologists to explain the psyche the personality of the human. These 5 elements are explained as â€Å"openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism†, which is sometimes termed as the CANOE or OCEAN. Under every projected global feature, digits of connected as well as more precise main features are declared. For instance, â€Å"extraversion is said to involve such connected qualities such as positive emotions, warmth, gregariousness, activity, assertiveness, and excitement seeking†. In same situations why some people behave differently? In current psychology, the â€Å"Big Five factors of personality are 5 wide domains that explains personality of human as well as explanation for personal differences†. History of Big Five personality theory: Numerous self-determining sets of researchers explained discovered the 5 broad elements based on data driven, empirical research. Raymond Christal and Ernest Tupes sophisticated the original representation, grounded on work performed at the â€Å"U.S. Air Force Personnel Laboratory in the late 1950s†Show MoreRelatedThe Big Five Personality Traits867 Words   |  4 Pages Of the Big Five personality traits, I scored highest on neuroticism. I compared myself to my friend. My friend scored highest on extraversion. I scored lowest on extraversion, whereas my friend scored lowest on agreeableness. I was somewhat surprised at my results that my friend received. However, I was not surprised by my results. I am a typically anxious person, so I knew I would probably score high on neuroticism. However, I thought my friend would score higher on agreeableness. I don’t agreeRead MorePersonality Traits Of The Big Five915 Words   |  4 PagesAs we all know, humans come in all shap es, sizes, and personalities. A big part of being an adult is entering the work field and finding a career. That’s where the â€Å"Big five† personality traits come in. The five traits that most employers base their tests off of are; neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. So the next time you take a pretest for employment would these would be good to keep in mind. Especially when determining if you’re a good fit forRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe Big Five Personality Traits Kelly Wilson Benedictine University Organizational Behavior MGT 320-D2A5 Teresa Pavone November 06, 2015 The Big Five Personality Traits Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Motivation is a factor that is highly dependent upon personality and because of this, managers must be able to recognize and respond to the different traits. Personality has been studied extensively throughout the years andRead MoreBig Five Personality Traits808 Words   |  4 PagesBig five model †¢ Lewis goldberg proposed a five dimension personality model , nicknamed the big five /five factor theory. †¢ The Big Five model is a comprehensive, empirical, data-driven research finding. †¢ In psychology, the Big Five factors (Five Factor Model) of personality are five broad domains or dimensions of personality which are used to describe human personality. Big five factors are †¢ Factor I: Extraversion. †¢ Factor II: Agreeableness. †¢ Factor III:Read MorePersonality Traits Of The Big Five925 Words   |  4 PagesOne main goal of psychology has been established a model to describe and understand human personality. The five-factor model of personality is the most widely used model in describing personality types. The components of the Big Five are extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Each of these components have personality traits that are associated with them. Extraversion refers to the degree in which a person is active, energetic, talkative, and assertive. OpennessRead MoreBig five Personality Traits7561 Words   |  31 Pages------------------------------------------------- Big Five personality traits From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In  psychology, the  Big Five personality traits  are five broad domains or dimensions of  personality  that are used to describe human personality. The theory based on the Big Five factors is called the  Five Factor Model  (FFM)[1]  The Big Five factors are  openness,  conscientiousness,  extraversion,  agreeableness, and  neuroticism. The Big five has been preferably used, since it is able to measure different traits in personality withoutRead MoreEssay on The Big Five Personality Traits997 Words   |  4 PagesReaction Paper #1 The â€Å"Big Five† Personality Traits Throughout our lives, we, as humans, encounter others that we may either have an immediate connection with, must discover more about the individual to determine the relevant connection, or simply, we just cannot manage to maintain a cordial relationship. What determines whether or not we can get along with someone else is defined by an individual’s personality. A personality is an array of â€Å"psychological† characteristics that makes each personRead MoreEssay THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS1629 Words   |  7 Pages The Personality Traits of a Manager Amelia Martin MOD 310: Issues in Management Week 5 September 17, 2014 A person’s personality trait can define who they are. Some can tell these traits by the way a person reacts to certain situations, personal or on the job. A person develop traits from the way they were raised and the environment that surrounded them. Everyone carries some type of personality trait, but no one carries any that are identical. Managers have personality traits just likeRead MoreBig Five Theory Of Personality Traits955 Words   |  4 PagesAmong the many established trait theories, the most widely known and used is the Big Five Theory of Personality Traits. It is a five-factor model composed of the broad personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. There are a variety of ways to assess one’s broad dimensions of personality in these five categories. One of which is Psych Central’s personality assessment that consists of fifty questions in which there is a statement ofRead MorePersonalit y Traits That Make Up The Big Five Traits1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthe five personality traits that make up the big five traits. Everyone in the world has theses traits in their personality but have a variation in how strong they are in them. After learning in greater detail about the two ends of the spectrums people can be at or in between we took the BFI to find out where we are on the bell curve for the big five traits. Then we compared our scores with four hundred and fifty-nine other female Luther students to determine our percentiles in the BFI traits. In

The Perspective On Income And Privilege Essay - 985 Words

I agree with the interactionist perspective. Certain races or ethnicities are advantageous when obtaining power and privilege. For example, White households have a higher income than non-White Hispanics or Blacks. The data provided on page 82 illustrates the income gap, â€Å"Black household had the lowest median income in 2013 ($34,598), non- Hispanic White households ($58,270). Median income for Hispanic households was $40,963† (Leon-Guerrero 2016). This data obtained from the U.S. Census reveals there are differences in income and wealth depending on race. Employment is also important when discussing wealth. According to the textbook, â€Å"Blacks and Hispanics have not been able to achieve the same earnings of level of wealth as White Americans have† (Leon-Guerrero 2016). One of the consequences of wealth disparity is lower access of home ownership. As a result of race or ethnicity people have limited housing options. Leon- Guerrero says, â€Å"Minority groups have been denied similar access because of structural barriers such as discrimination, low income, and lack of credit access† (2016). This results in a large home ownership gap which allows Whites to own their home as opposed to the minorities who are denied credit and cannot purchase a home of their choice. Lower aces to health care and the quality of care once in the system for minority groups are examples of privilege and power. Depending on race, minorities have less medical care coverage as opposed to non- HispanicShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of My White Privilege On The Lgbtq Community Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe modern queer community exists with fine lines of privilege and distinctions of status. Factors that determine power and influence in mainstream society are perpetuated within the LGBTQ community and serve as indicators of division. 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These racial discriminations also extended to Native American’s, Hispanics and

Impact of Fluctuating Economy on Organisational Restructuring

Question: Discuss about the Impact Of Fluctuating Economy On Organisational Restructuring In Adma-Adnoc. Answer: Research Overview As per the annual report of ADMA-ADNOC, the lower price of oil has redesigned the budget of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company. It has been speculated that although investing more in the research and development process, the firm has to reduce the operational expenditure by 10-15% in the last year (www.adnoc.ae, 2016). But the management of the firm has assured that the cut back process would not affect the job opportunities of the firm. According to the opinion of Fujita and Koji (2008), the sudden hike in the price of a barrel (US$65 per barrel) has forced most of the companies to trim the company budget. Adding to this, the oil production capacity of 3.5 million barrels per day (BPD) within three years of 3 million BPD is the main reason to decrease the operational expenditure. The current study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of the fluctuating economy on organisational restructuring in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADMA-ADNOC), Abu Dhabi. While conducting the research wo rk, the proposal would construct a gap analysis of the present topic and as well as a strategic recommendation and a methodological framework would also be critically analysed. Key research questions What are the factors leading to the fluctuation in the regional economy of Abu Dhabi? Which factors of fluctuating economy significantly influence the overall organisational policy of ADMA-ADNOC? What is the significance of fluctuating economy on organisational restructuring in ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi? What would be the strategic initiatives to facilitate management to implement the business model that mitigates the organisational changes due to economic fluctuation in Abu Dhabi? Literature review The factors leading to the fluctuation in the regional economy of Abu Dhabi The one possible cause of economic fluctuation is a little alteration in the aggregate demand. The price of the essential commodities falls in the short period while demand curves shift. In this current context, Shin (2010) stated that the foremost economic contributor of the country is the oil reserves and the oil production. It has been found that the UAE has the 30% worlds proven oil reserves. The country can produce 3.5 million barrels per day. The sudden disruption in the aggregate demand has forced the firm to reduce the operational expenditure for sustaining in the market. On the other hand, the economic fluctuation can be happened due to the issues of a sudden alteration in aggregate supply. The GDP of the country can be varied due to this kind of short-run change in the economy (Gillespie, 2011). The sudden dropped down situation of the oil sector has minimised the GDP value of the country by 40%. Hence, the firm has adopted certain essential changes to increase the oil reco very rates in the current situation of economic fluctuation. Factors of fluctuating economy hampering the organisational policy The report of 2009 depicts that a slide in the international crude oil has collapsed the fuel trading capacity of the ADMA-ADNOC. In the framework of the present statement, Anderson and Anderson (2009) mentioned that the fuel industry in Abu Dhabi had experienced a slide of 80%. The specific economic condition of the region has created an adverse impact on the oil production capacity of ADMA-ADNOC. According to Bednar and Green (2011), the state petroleum group has attained an appreciation for its technical competencies. However, a sudden shift in the price margin has enforced the organisation to undergo an anti-corruption purge, which influenced the management to include the higher level of bureaucracy within the organisation. According to Research et al. (2013), the bureaucratic initiation helped Adma-Opco to enhance its production capacity up to 700,000 b/d by the end of 2014 and 600,000 b/d in the current year. The significance of fluctuating economy on organisational restructuring in ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi There is several significant effectiveness of the fluctuating economy on the organisational reconstructing in ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi. The sliding down of the oil price has directly impacted on the economic diversification in the Arab nations. The oil companies of the nation are currently struggling with fewer financial buffers to preserve the specific growth rate. In the opinion of Gillespie (2011), the organisation, ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi required reformulating the budget by minimising the current expenditure. It has been identified that the companies across the industry have to cut back the expenditure and the other operational cost due to the issue of lower oil price. The annual report of the firm indicates that Shell, who is the main partner of the ADMA-ADNOC on its BAB sour gas project, has minimised the capital expenditure more than of the expectations (www.adnoc.ae, 2016). Although the management of the firm assured that there are no long-term issues that can affect the operatio nal activities of the firm due to such short-term fluctuations. Moreover, the firm has to tighten the operating budget due to the effect of sudden fluctuation in the economic growth rate. Recommended business model mitigating the organisational change issues Limiting the nominal expenditure would be the suitable action needed to be initiated by the management of ADMA-ADNOC in Abu Dhabi. Considering the opinion of Van Dijk and Van Dick (2009), it could be inferred that during the tenure of fluctuation the management needs to decrease its nominal expenditure to maintain the existing line of profit margin. Although the management of ADMA-ADNOC has taken the initiatives of reducing the price margin in its product lines, yet, similarly the nominal expenditure is required being reduced (Ball and Garcia-Lorenzo, 2013). The inflation in the economy would last for short time tenure. Therefore, the excessive investment might reduce the value of the assets and would serve minimal utility to the firm. Research Methodology Research Philosophy The research philosophy can be categorised into three major aspects, i.e. positivism, realism and interpretive. According to the opinion of Thomas (2015), the positivism philosophy follows the scientific method, whereas, the realism philosophy deals with the element that is mostly acquainted with the human presence. On the other hand, interpretive philosophy is entirely based on the human insight and knowledge related to the research context. In the current study, the researcher would choose the positivism philosophy that as it is helpful to identify the impact of fluctuating economy on organisational restructuring. The decision making an approach and the behavioural action of this specific philosophy is influencing to arrive at an authentic conclusion (Hirsh, 2008). Thus, scientific technique of positivism philosophy would assist the researcher to derive an accurate conclusion for the current research context. Research Approach There are two types of research approaches which includes deductive and inductive. As per the opinion of Fallman (2008), the deductive approach focuses on studying the related theory and hypothesis related to the current topic for drawing a prospective outcome. On the contrary, the inductive approach itself is a theory building approach (Bowman, 2008). As per the current requirement, the research associate would require a theory-testing approach. Thus, the deductive approach would be considered. Furthermore, the deductive approach follows the design of waterfall model on the basis of the research objectives. Thus, to investigate the current findings the deductive research approach would be chosen, which would help to scrutinise the factors of fluctuating economy in ADMA-ADNOC. Research design The research design can be categorised into the followings: descriptive, exploratory and explanatory design. In the opinion of Popping (2012), exploratory research design is required in the case of minimal data resources. However, the explanatory is required where the existing theories cannot address the research problem. Moreover, the descriptive research design deals with the generated outcomes associated with the research questions. In this present study, a descriptive research design would be selected to allow the several developments regarding the current research topic. Hence, it could be deduced that descriptive research design would be effective to conduct the current research. Research Strategy The research strategy can be encompassed with a survey, case study and experiment. Considering the opinion of Fallman (2008), research associate would consider the case study analysis to find the research solution. The strategy of case study analysis would help the researcher to accumulate the required data for the current research context. In the opinion of Hirsh (2008), the entire data for the current study would be collected through the help of a case study analysis as it would be effective to understand the impact of the fluctuating economy of ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi. Therefore, it would be possible to evaluate the corporate information to validate the case study research strategy. Data collection process Primary Data Collection The qualitative data collection would be considered for the current study by organising face-to-face interview round. The managers of ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi, would be chosen for the round of face-to-face interview. The given feedbacks from the managers would be considered as the qualitative data for the current research. According to the guidance of Bowman (2014), it is essential to check the managers availability before conducting the interview session. The research associate would evaluate all the responses of the managers as the qualitative data for the current research topic. Secondary Data Collection The secondary information for the present study would be collected from the various journals, articles, official website of the firm and the other relevant books. In this current scenario, Thomas (2015) stated that journals, books and the articles are the most reliable sources to gather the information for secondary data collection. Hence, the researcher would critically review the several e-books, articles, e-journals for collecting the secondary data. Adding to this, the researcher would need to keep special attention for avoiding the data duplicity issues. Data Analysis The data analysis plan would be preceded by considering the time frame for the data collection process. In the present proposal, the researcher would consider both the primary and the secondary analysis process. For the primary data collection process, the researcher would consider the qualitative approach. Moreover, Chadwick (2016) determined that the qualitative responses are descriptive in nature. Therefore, it cannot be illustrated with feasible graphs and charts. Considering the above assertions, the researcher would keep the qualitative data in the descriptive format and execute the raw feedbacks that would be collected from the executive personals. The secondary details would be gathered from the sources like journals, books, magazines and websites and would be triangulated with the primary responses for the authentication purpose. Finally, the researcher would initiate a data triangulation process between the primary and the secondary subject for the research authentication p urpose. Sampling process In the present study, the researcher would consider the non-probability sampling process. Since, the researcher would plan to conduct the qualitative approach. In the specific project, the researcher would be conducting the personal interview round with the executive personals. The professionals would be considered purposefully. According to Lim and Ting (2013), the information regarding organisational restructuring process can be provided only by the executive officials. Therefore, the researcher would interview four executive officials to gather relevant information regarding the impact of fluctuating economy on ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi. Thus, the qualitative sample size would be limited to 4. The secondary information would be collected from different journals, books, magazines, e-library and the corporate websites. Types of investigation The research investigation is comprised of two forms, quantitative and qualitative (McClelland and Fine, 2008). In the present research study, the researcher would include the qualitative subjects. The existing research is the social content. Thus, the qualitative technique would facilitate the readers to have an in-depth knowledge regarding the impact of fluctuating economy on organisational restructuring in the ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi (Foss, 2009). Moreover, the qualitative subject is not quantifiable in nature. Therefore, the researcher would emphasise more on the quality. The qualitative feedbacks would be collected from the internal professionals of the chosen enterprise. Hence, the chances of receiving the standardised responses would be relatively more, which would benefit the researcher to derive a genuine conclusion. The executive personals would be questioned regarding the impact of the fluctuating economy on the organisational process. Ethical considerations Garcilln and Ezcurra (2011) following the ethical standards would help the researchers to enhance the standards of the study by reducing the chances of data manipulation. The ethical measures often create distinctions between the satisfactory and unsatisfactory behaviour of the respondents (Maistrenko, 2015). In the existing research proposal, the researcher would ensure a free and fair process. The information received from the executive personals would be kept confidential. None of the internal data would be disclosed to any of the third parties. The corporate details would be used singly for the research purpose and be destroyed immediately after the completion of the research proposal. For the security purpose, the identity of the professionals would not be disclosed in public. Research limitation Accumulation of the secondary details can be a huge limitation of the study (Freshwater,). The research topic is highly elusive; therefore, it would be difficult for the researcher to collect the update secondary details within the short time span. Moreover, the executive personals might present a reluctant attitude on the interview process. The executive individuals might be busy with the individual schedules, therefore, arranging a mutual time might not be possible to the researchers. This might delay the delivery time of the study, or high pressure of in-time submission might reduce the quality of the research process. Hence, the derived conclusion might not be exclusively authentic. However, the data triangulation might serve the purpose of reducing the impact of above limitations. Research outcomes The present evaluates the impact of fluctuating economy on organisational restructuring in ADMA-ADNOC, Abu Dhabi. Evaluating the current study, an inference can be drawn that the economic fluctuations have led the enterprise to reduce the price margin of the oil segment. However, the specific organisation has also introduced the higher bureaucracy model, which has led to employee dissatisfaction. Moreover, the economic fluctuations had led the enterprise to cut down on its operational expense and to maintain the profit margin. The specific action has created a direct impact on the oil production capacity of the organisation. However, the reduction in the oil price margin has benefitted the firm to increase its capacity up to 700,000 b/d. Timescale The timetable consists of the indifferent tasks that bear considerable significance in the research purpose. The time schedules are framed by considering the nature of the tasks. Thus, the study is expected to finish by the completion time. Each of the activities is assigned with single weeks for the completion. Therefore, the researcher would get sufficient time to gather and analyse the data. The final outcomes would be followed with suitable recommendations on the final week. Topics Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Introduction Framing of the aim and objectives of the study Secondary data collection process Evaluation of the research Methodology Accomplish of the qualitative responses. Triangulation between the primary and secondary subjects Conclusion and recommendation Table: Gantt chart (Source: self-developed) References: ADNOC (2016) Available at: https://www.adnoc.ae/en/home/index.aspx (Accessed: 31 August 2016). Anderson, D.L. and Anderson, C. (2009)Organization development: The process of leading organizational change. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Ball, D. and Garcia-Lorenzo, L. (2013) A very personal process,Change Management: An International Journal, 12(1), pp. 116. Bednar, P.M. and Green, G.M. (2011) Same business same system? A critique of organization and the information systems process,Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change, 8(2), pp. 199213. Bowman, J. (2014) Data, analysis, action!, Research World, 2014(46), pp. 2226 Chadwick, R. (2016) Embodied methodologies: Challenges, reflections and strategies,Qualitative Research, 29(4), pp. 121139. Fallman, D. (2008) The interaction design research triangle of design practice, design studies, and design exploration, Design Issues, 24(3), pp. 418. Foss, N. J. (2009) Alternative research strategies in the knowledge movement: from macro bias to micro-foundations and multi-level explanation, Management Review, 12(6), pp.34-45 Freshwater, D. (2007) Reading mixed methods research: contexts for criticism, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), pp. 134-146 Fujita, M. and ., Koji (2008) Economic integration in east Asia: Perspectives from spatial and neoclassical economics. Edited by Masahisa Fujita, Satoru Kumagai, and Koji Nishikimi. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Garcilln, P. P. and Ezcurra, E. (2011) Sampling procedures and species estimation: Testing the effectiveness of herbarium data against vegetation sampling in an oceanic island, Journal of Vegetation Science, 22(2), pp. 273280 Gillespie, A. (2011) Foundations of economics. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press. Hirsh, H. (2008) Data mining research: Current status and future opportunities, Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 1(2), pp. 104107. Lim, W. M. and Ting, D. H. (2013) Research methodology: A toolkit of sampling and data analysis techniques for quantitative research. United States: Grin Verlag Maistrenko, O. (2015) Main methods of Qualititative Assessement of social responsibility, The Advanced Science Journal, 2015(4), pp. 5860 McClelland, S.I. and Fine, M. (2008) Embedded science: Critical analysis of abstinence-only evaluation research,Cultural Studies = Critical Methodologies, 8(1), pp. 5081. Popping, R. (2012) Qualitative decisions in quantitative text analysis research, Sociological Methodology, 42(1), pp. 8890. Research, D. of, Central, R. and London (2013)Practice as research in the arts: Principles, protocols, pedagogies, resistances. Edited by Robin Nelson. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Shin, H. (2010) Economic impact of sporting event: How to measure the local economic impact of sporting event . Germany: Vdm Verlag Dr Mueller. Thomas, J. A. (2015) Using unstructured diaries for primary data collection, Nurse Researcher, 22(5), pp. 2529. Van Dijk, R. and van Dick, R. (2009) Navigating organizational change: Change leaders, employee resistance and work-based identities,Journal of Change Management, 9(2), pp. 143163.

Proposal for a Animation Dissertation Essay Example

Proposal for a Animation Dissertation Essay Three initial ideas for dissertation. 1. Analogue film and its imprint on the digital era. This thesis for a dissertation would have set about to analyse the relationship between analogue and digital filmmaking and the differences in these practices since the rise of the latter’s popularity and usability. The paper would have evaluated digital filmmaking practices and the new range of techniques that modern technology has brought about, giving reference to the rise of importance in editing since the development of red-one and the response to this of various filmmakers, Lars Von Trier etc. New aesthetics would have also been explored, looking at films such as Inland Empire (Lynch, 2006) and Trash Humpers (Kornine, 2009) and the ways in which contemporary films utilise imperfections of the digital medium to create new aesthetics in opposition to that of the cultured visuals of Hollywood cinematics. The essay would also have devoted a chapter to Marshall McLuhan’s theories of the postmodern effect of globalisation through the Internet and how new media has changed the face of film and the way practitioners can operate within visual culture. . Auteurism – career momentum that outlasts the diminishment of practitioner’s talents. This dissertation would have explored the effect on a director that being branded an auteur can have. The paper would have formed a discussion on how being branded an auteur early in a filmmakers career can end up inadvertently damaging their product. The dissertation would have utilised case studies on directors such as Michel Gondry, Wes Anderson and M. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal for a Animation Dissertation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal for a Animation Dissertation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal for a Animation Dissertation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Night Shyamalan to form the basis for an argument on the view that the directors films are so highly praised for aspects of cinematography and narrative that, in later projects, revert to conforming to what they believe audiences expect of them and begin to display a distinct impression of ‘style over substance’. It would go on to suggest, backed up by aforementioned case studies, that directors can have the tendency to become lost within their own visuals and thematic traits and loose sight of what got them branded as n auteur in the first instance. This idea was formed through watching M. Night Shyamalan in chronological order and forming an opinion that he has utilised the ‘twist’ ending to such an extent that it no longer shocks an audience and creates the effect that garnered him so much critical acclaim after the release of The Sixth Sense (1999). Stemming from this realisation the paper would study other auteur branded director’s films and form ed an opinion on whether the tag of an auteur can damage a practitioners brand. . Hasta la vista†¦ movie – the effect of ‘geek culture’ on the modern day movie experience This paper would have studied the effect of geek culture on the modern day viewing experience when anticipating and watching an upcoming film. The paper would have drawn on statements made by Marshall McLuhan about the rise in usability of the internet and new media and how this has affected the way in which modern day audiences participate in the movie going experience. The dissertation would have utilised examples such as the modern trailer, blogs, the film website, critics reviews and events such as film and comic book conventions to introduce the thesis that curiosity and commentary on films through these mediums destroy the feeling of ambiguity experienced by cinema goers who previously could enter a film not knowing a thing about the film they were about to watch, and how this is an era that now lies well within the past. It would analyse the modern day climate in which a person can read a magazine and scour the Internet for 30 minutes and have already found out the main events, listened to the soundtrack and know every stylistic trait of a film before viewing it. The paper would have presented this view but also attempted to present an unbiased argument by stating that it is because of this ‘geek culture’ and its positive promotion on the Internet that many modern day films are produced and received so successfully. As reference for this argument a case study would be conducted into the promotion of film through viral videos, and a further case study would be conducted into the forthcoming film Tron: Legacy (2010) and how the internet may have facilitated its production. Word Count: 701 Abstract This study addresses the viability of auteurism in the contemporary moving image industries and the significance of this in relation to whether or not an animator can be considered a genuine auteur within the wider context of general artistic practice. The purpose is to provide an up to date and comprehensive, analytical framing of auteur theory and enhance the arguments laid down by critics, thinkers and theorists on both the psychoanalysis concerned with the consideration of the ‘original’ self in a postmodern society and whether the collaborative, creative nature of the animation industry lends itself to the term auteur. The dissertation will provide a social, historical and theoretical study of a number of discourses concerned with the animation industry, examining distinguishable personalities within the medium and formulating a thesis on arguments limiting auteur theory to the status of â€Å"high art† whilst questioning the genealogical construction of understanding surrounding the bourgeois construct of authorship. The paper sets about to provide an unbiased argument on the authentic nature of auteurism within contemporary perceptions of animated cinema, it attempts to present two sides to arguments that concern the author and audiences of a ‘text’ and their role within a process of cognitive perception. It will instigate discussion on aspects of auteurism by presenting case studies on Pixar and they ways in which the corporation operates in contrast to non-western animators such as Hayao Miyazaki and The Brothers Quay. The central argument is concentrated on an animator’s ability to experiment and diversify, create new perspectives on the interrelations between the highbrow and the popular, aesthetics and ideology. Word Count: 263 Methodologies Report This paper is a theoretical and historical study of the animation industry, how it has grown and blossomed from the advent of Joseph Plateau’s Phenakistoscope in 1832 and the early animated films of Reynaud And Melies in the late 1800’s, through to the modern day industry dominated by the market conditioning animation studios such a Pixar and Disney. Alongside this contextual background the relativity of auteur theory will be discussed in relation to its possible existence in a contemporary business that competes against contemporaries often seen to exist on a plane artistically above that of the mainstream animation industry. This question of authorship within the animation practice has been widely disputed and contended by a range of commentators throughout its short history and this study will serve to provide a conclusive framing of the topic. The first problem with thinking about animation and its broad stable of directors as a base for authorship can be traced back to its association with ‘high art’ and the origin of the word auteur in conjunction with media studies, Cahiers du Cinema. During the 1950’s, a period in which French film enjoyed widespread artistic acclaim, this influential film journal, written by, among others, Jean Luc Goddard, Francois Truffaut and Jacques Rivette, attempted to emphasise the role which a filmmaker assumes in the direction of their film and the significant way in which they acquired a distinguishable signature style from production to production. This became further associated with terms such as camera-stylo or metteur en scene. The Cahiers du Cinema insisted that if a director was to become recognised as displaying the traits of an auteur he must be recognised as contributing a signatory licence across a series of films, that clearly defined both aesthetic and thematic trends and offered a conclusive view of the elementary principles of an ‘art form’. Problems arose with the theories concerning auterist film practice in the late 1960’s almost a decade after the Cahiers had coined the phrase during the French renaissance. The collaborative and procedure orientated nature of making a film was called into question and â€Å"became subordinate to the critical parameters that determined film as a directors medium and as the significant voice of the film† (Wells, 2002 p. 72). Notable screenwriters such as Nicholas Kazan and Ernest Lehman have voiced their discontent with the notion of the director as the singular contributor to the stylistic and thematic contents of a film. Supporting this, since the late 60’s, few film historians have onoured the notion of a director as a singular contributing factor within a film and note other practitioners – the screenwriter, cinematographer and producer – to having mounted a substantial challenge to the directors claim to the romantic concept of the author. It is obviously true that the animation director’s influence can have a large effect upon the films artistic direction but it is interesting to consider whether or not they alone hold the pen or camera-stylo, as it were. Inevitably because of the range of opinions that exist within the subject of auteur theory especially considering the spectator and the sociological connotations that are implied by the author and audience existing alongside the text and inhabiting it (Barthes, 1982) it is hard to provide a definitive account of authorship in animation practise and the discussion of this theory remains challenging within media studies. The addition of thinking about the animation director as an auteur further complicates the debate of authorship. It can be said that in one frame of mind the animation industry perfectly echoes that of filmmaking practice in relation to production process and artistic conditioning implied through this range of processes. On the other, it further complicates the argument concerning the ability of the filmmaker to work within an arguably even larger creative environment or completely alone. It has been argued (Wells, 2002 p. 73-74) that this allows animation to be seen as one of the most auteurist of art forms and that’s its methods of production, especially when considered to be at its most collaborative, insist upon the strict intervention of a singular voice that acts as an authorial presence. Frustratingly few animation directors have been praised as auteurs within the medium, with their identities often becoming swallowed up by corporate image, in the case of animation houses such as Pixar and Disney, being debased with the appeal of consigning it simply to a petty form of narrative or, again, falling victim to the acceptance of the mutually reliant process of production. Connected to this is the concept that animation has been, and will always be, produced for a predominantly immature audience and that auteur theory cannot be applied to a film practice that concerns itself with providing articles for such a demographic. This has become a tired argument as there a huge variety of ways in which a director can be described to be an auteur. Drawing arguments from a wide variety of sources and assisted by specific case studies it is this dissertations aim to provide a vocabulary for how the animation auteur can be addressed. It is this papers intention to, utilising a variety of modes and methods, signal the opinions of scholars that have campaigned for the existence of a recognisable auteur within the media industries and then go on to transplant these theories into that of the modern day animation industry. The essay will touch on contemporary titans of the animation world such as Disney and Pixar whilst also giving special consideration for the foundations that have been laid by the historical forbearers in crafting a profitable industry in which today’s practitioners of mainstream animation operate. Alongside the mainstream, consideration will be given to the independent or ‘experimental’ animator, working outside the confines of an industry that, it has been suggested, limits they way in which a director can remain in control of the artistic and thematic outputs of their film. Special consideration will be given to the eastern European animators such as Jan Svankmajer, The Brothers Quay and Yuiry Norstein and the ways in which we can regard them as auteurs through the methods of production in which they practice their ‘art’. It will also analyse how the work of Hayao Miyazaki is differentiated from that of its western counterparts not only through its visual and thematic styles but also through the sociological boundaries in which it is released. Thought will be given to a society, and the pschoanalysis that accompanies it, in which audiences flock to the cinemas to see the newest releases from a highly recognised and respected animation house, but also, a director that is considered to be a genuine auteur and one of the artistic powerhouses of contemporary Asian cinema. Following this, my final chapter will concern itself with the major discourses in animation today. It will utilise a case study instigating investigation into the way in which the modern animation houses conduct their modes of production and whether or not this can be seen as adding to or detracting from the auteur model laid down by Cahiers du Cinema. The theoretical background for this paper will cover many areas of film history and criticism and point to key areas in which the auteur theory has come under contention, drawing on key sources it will analyse their relevance within the contemporary animation industry and provide current case studies of animation auteurs and production houses to provide a coherent context for the theories that it attains to underpin. The dissertation will cover well-known critics ranging from Cahiers du Cinema to modern day articles from film journals such as Sight Sound and The Online Animation Journal. The writings of these authors will be used to give context for some of the statements that are made concerning auteur theory and to assist in cultural references to animated movies and cinematic movements from the last 130 years. The paper will also reference the work of cultural theorists such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault, whose work has been invaluable in the affirmation of what constitutes a genuine author and the ways in which we can view them in a modern day society. The dissertation aims to provide a spread of criticism from a wide range of historical periods during the 20th century, and, as the essay is concerned with the shift within the understanding of an auteur and its place in the industry of today, it was considered to be important to include opinions from more than the contemporary to demonstrate the shift that has occurred in our understanding of the director as an author. Alongside a wide range of scholarly sources directly concerned with film criticism that have been implemented the essay attempts to utilise areas of psychoanalysis and cognitive deconstructions to attain some idea of how sociological boundaries have been built up concerning the idea of the individual self, especially situated within a creative industry and within the confines of a post modern society. The study borrows and reconstitutes ideas and theories from such well-known thinkers as Sigmund Freud, Jacques Derrida and Richard Harland. Although not directly connected with the world of cinema the ideas put forth by these thinkers have greatly influenced the way in which proportions of society think of the ‘unified self’ and the case for ‘original thought’. It was important to consider dialogue provided by theorists working outside of the filmic world as it has allowed the paper to gain a more conclusive view of aspects that can affect auteur theory more concerned with the workings of an audiences conscious thought, rather than that of cinematography and narrative alone. During the course of this essay the proposed theories will be analysed through a variety of method and, as mentioned, the sources come from a wide range of authors to provide many different opinions on auteur theory. These include; cultural theorists, directors, film critics and psychologists. In addition to the wide spread of authors that have been used the material has been drawn from a variety of qualitative and quantitative ources that comprise of scholarly books, newspaper articles, film journals, blogs, online critics circles, websites providing information on box office receipts, films and other visual resources. These methods have been undertaken to avoid the time consuming necessity of providing a source of self-produced data such as interviews or focus groups conducted with individual interviewees and focus groups. The data provided through this wide range of sources should compensate for a lack of self produced data and give a clear indication of the criticism and ideas that exist across a wide range of society. The main critical ideas that are analysed and enforced within this essay is an affirmative opinion that auteur theory is alive and well within the modern day film industry and that this also translates through into the contemporary animation industry. The essay sets about to deconstruct misconceptions concerning the negative reception that auteur theory receives from both cinematic and cultural theorists, and whilst the focus of the essay is very much on the promotion of the auteur director and the analysis of the cultural surroundings in which he operates the paper is careful to provide a balanced view of the topic by framing the question with both positive and negative responses. In summary, the main critical ideas to be analysed will be animation aesthetic and message as well as the existence of the auteur within the film analysing both his, or her, impact on the messages, narrative and aesthetic of the their work from film to film. It reviews the sociological structures that we are surrounded with and brought up through that allow, or disallow us, to consider the director as a true author, taking into consideration industry, modes of production, aesthetics, messages, fluency, consistency and cultural impact and finally the shift in style of animation throughout the years and how it should be considered an equally important and valuable cultural artefact as that of the live action cinema. Word Count: 1980